Description
The growth of the industrial sector has really been tremendous and is widespread in chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, refineries, manufacturing, food and beverages and what not? All these industries require measurement of different physical quantities like pressure, temperature, humidity, flow rate, motion and many more. For this to be done and to control the equipments involved in the process, instrumentation plays a major role and is often regarded as Industrial Instrumentation. This book is aimed at providing a very clear picture of the instruments, its usage and measurement of the parameters in the industry. The industrial instrumentation is dealt with in an approachable and understandable manner in this book. The authors of the book have industrial and academic experience which makes it the right blend. This book will certainly enhance the understanding of the readers and it would be an enjoyable reading experience.
Table of Content
Chapter 1 Pressure Measurement
1.1 Introduction to Pressure Measurement
1.1.1 Applications (Importance) of Pressure Measurement
1.1.2 Definition of Pressure (p)
1.1.3 Units of Pressure
1.1.4 Referencing Pressure
1.1.5 Ranges of Pressure
1.1.6 Methods of Pressure Measurements (Instruments Classification)
1.2 Gravitational Transducers /Direct Measuring Pressure Instruments
1.2.1 Dead weight Testers (DWTs)
1.2.2 Manometers
1.3 Force Summing Transducer / Indirect Measuring Pressure Instruments
1.3.1 Bourdon Tube
1.3.2 Diaphragm Gauges
1.3.3 Capsule Gauges
1.3.4 Bellow Gauges
1.4 Vacuum Pressure Measuring Instruments
1.4.1 Mechanical Gauges
1.4.2 Thermal Vacuum Gauges
1.4.3 Ionization Vacuum Gauges
Chapter 2 Level Measurement
2.1 Introduction to Level
2.1.1 Applications (Importance) of Level Measurement
2.1.2 Definition of Level (L)
2.1.3 Units of Level (L)
2.1.4 Classification of Level Measuring Methods (Instruments Classification)
2.2 Direct Methods / Mechanical Methods
2.2.1 Visual Methods
2.2.2 Float/Chain Gauges
2.2.3 Displacer Type Level Gauges
2.3 Indirect Level Measurement
2.3.1 Hydrostatic Pressure Gauges for Level Measurement
2.3.2 Electrical Level Sensors
2.3.3 Radiation-Based Level Gauges
2.3.4 Optical Radiation Level Sensors
Chapter 3 Humidity Measurement
3.1 Introduction to Humidity Measurement
3.1.1 Importance of Humidity Measurement
3.1.2 Definition of Humidity
3.1.3 What is Moisture? Is It Different from Humidity
3.1.4 Types of Humidity
3.1.5 Units of Humidity (How to Quantify Humidity)
3.1.6 Methods of Humidity Measurements (Instruments Classification)
3.2 Psychrometers
3.2.1 The Sling Psychrometer
3.2.2 The Aspirating Psychrometer
3.3 Absorption Hygrometers (Absorption/Sorption Methods)
3.3.1 Mechanical Hygrometers / Mechanical Humidity Sensing Absorption
Hygrometers
3.3.2 Electrical Hygrometers / Electrical Humidity Sensing Absorption
Hygrometer
3.4 Dew Point Indicators and Recorders (Condensation Hygrometers)
3.4.1 Optical Dew Point Sensing Hygrometers (Condensation on Chilled Surface / Chilled Mirror Hygrometer)
3.4.2 Surface Conductivity Hygrometer for Measuring Dew Point
3.4.3 SAW Hygrometer / SAW Condensation Hygrometer
3.5 Quartz Crystal Resonator / Piezoelectric Hygrometer
3.6 Thermal Conductivity Hygrometer
3.7 Electrolytic Hygrometer
3.8 Dew Cell (Solution-Conductivity Cell)
Chapter 4 Density Measurement
4.1 Introduction to Density
4.1.1 Applications (Importance) of Density Measurement
4.1.2 Definition of Density (ρ)
4.1.3 Units of Density
4.1.4 Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy Concepts
4.1.5 Density Measuring Methods
4.1.6 Density Measuring Instruments and Quantities Measured
4.2 Pycnometeric Densitometer
4.3 Hydrometers
4.3.1 Basic / Simple Type Hydrometers
4.3.2 Photoelectric Type Hydrometer
4.3.3 LVDT Type Hydrometer
4.4 Displacer and Float Type Densitometers
4.4.1 Torque Tube Displacer
4.4.2 Chain Based Densitometers
4.4.3 Electromagnetically Suspended Densitometer
4.4.4 Angular Position Densitometers
4.5 Column Type Densitometer /Air Pressure Balance Densitometers
4.5.1 Bubbler System – Manometer / Reference Column Method
4.5.2 Bubbler System – Pressure Gauge Method
4.6 Load Cell Type Densitometer
4.7 Weight Based U-tube Density Gauge
4.8 Vibrating/Oscillation Densitometers
4.8.1 Vibrating U-tube Densitometer
4.8.2 Vibrating Probe Type Densitometer
4.8.3 Vibrating Straight Tube Densitometer
4.8.4 Vibrating Twin-tube Densitometers
4.8.5 Vibrating Fork Densitometers
4.9 Oscillating Coriolis Densitometers
4.10 Ultrasonic Densitometers
4.11 Radiation Densitometers (Radioactive Densitometers)
4.12 Gas-Specific Gravity Measurement (Hot Wire Gas Bridge Type)
Chapter 5 Velocity Measurement
5.1 Introduction to Velocity Measurement
5.1.1 Applications (Importance) of Velocity Measurement
5.1.2 Definition of Velocity (V or v)
5.1.3 Relation Between Linear Velocity (V ) and Angular Velocity (ω)
5.1.4 Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity (Differences)
5.1.5 Classification of Velocity Measurement and Measuring Methods
(Instruments Classification)
5.2 Linear Velocity Measurement
5.2.1 Reference Based Measurement
5.2.2 Seismic or Inertial Referenced Methods
5.3 Angular Velocity Measurement
5.3.1 Relative Velocity Measurement
Chapter 6 Force Measurement
6.1 Introduction to Force
6.1.1 Application (Importance) of Force Measurement
6.1.2 Force and its Representation
6.1.3 Types of Force
6.1.4 Classification of Force Measuring Methods (Instruments Classification)
6.2 Direct Methods
6.2.1 Scales and Balances
6.3 Indirect Methods
6.3.1 Proving Rings
6.3.2 Load Cell
Chapter 7 Flow Measurement
7.1 Introduction to Flow Measurement
7.1.1 Applications (Importance) of Flow Measurement
7.1.2 Definition of Flow / Flow Rate (F, Q, V )
7.1.3 Methods of Flow Measuring Instruments (Instruments Classification)
7.2 Total Flow Meters
7.2.1 Direct Volume Totalizers
7.2.2 Indirect Volume Totalizers
7.3 Flow Rate Meters
7.3.1 Volumetric Flow Meters
7.3.2 Mass Flow Meters
Chapter 8 Temperature Measurement
8.1 Introduction to Temperature
8.1.1 Applications (Importance) of Temperature Measurement
8.1.2 Definition of Temperature (T)
8.1.3 Units of Temperature (T)
8.1.4 Classification of Temperature Measuring Methods (Instruments
Classification)
8.2 Mechanical Type Temperature Measuring Instruments
8.3 Thermoelectric Thermometry
8.3.1 Thermocouple Gradient Theory (Thermocouple Working)
8.3.2 Types of Thermocouples (T/C)
8.3.3 Noble Metal Thermocouples
8.3.4 Properties of Thermocouple Materials
8.3.5 Laws of Thermocouples
8.3.6 Applications of Thermocouple Laws
8.3.7 Thermocouples Connected in Series and Parallel
8.3.8 Measurement of Thermocouple Voltage
8.3.9 Eliminating the Ice Bath by Using Isothermal Block Reference Junction
8.3.10 Commercial Circuits for Reference Junction Compensation
8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometery (Thermoresistive Thermometry)
8.4.1 Resistance Thermometers (Using Conductor Sensors)
8.4.2 Thermistors (Using Semiconductors)
8.5 Radiation Pyrometer
• Highlights
• Review Questions
• Answers
About The Authors
Mrs. T. Milinda Purna was Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering at Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupathi.
Dr. C. Krishnakumar is Professor and Head, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy.
Dr. Shriram K. Vasudevan is Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. He has authored/co-authored 37 books in various fields and is currently authoring three more books. He has published 115 international papers and still counting.
Dr. D. P. Kothari, was Former Director Incharge, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He is currently serving as Chairman, Board of Governors, THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology, Tehri, Uttarakhand. He has authored/ co-authored 50 plus books for various publishers all over the world. He has published 750 plus technical articles in many journals of high impact factor.
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