Table of Content
Chapter 1 Introduction to Programming
1.1 What is Problem Solving?
1.2 What is Programming?
1.3 Definition of a Program
1.3.1 Characteristics of a computer program
1.4 What is a Software Bug?
1.4.1 What is debugging?
1.5 Programming Errors
1.5.1 Different types of errors
1.6 Natural Language vs. Formal Language
1.7 Programming Paradigm
1.8 Interpreted vs. Compiled
1.9 Typed vs. Typeless Programming Languages
1.10 History of Python
1.10.1 Salient features of Python language
1.10.2 Execution life cycle of a Python program
1.10.3 Debugging a Python program
Exercises
Chapter 2 Introduction to Algorithms and Flowcharts
2.1 Algorithms
2.2 Definition of Algorithm
2.3 Characteristics of Algorithms
2.4 Building Blocks of an Algorithm
2.4.1 Sequence
2.4.2 Selection
2.4.3 Repetition
2.5 Notation
2.5.1 Pseudocode
2.5.2 Flowcharts
2.6 Strategies for Developing Algorithms
2.6.1 Advantages of iterative algorithms
2.6.2 Advantages of recursive algorithms
2.7 Solved Examples
2.7.1 Write an iterative algorithm to calculate and print the number of digits
In a given number
2.7.2 Write an iterative algorithm to calculate and print the sum of the given
series
2.7.3 Write a recursive algorithm to calculate the greatest common divisor
of the given two integer numbers
2.8 Solved Exercises
2.8.1 Write an algorithm using iterative design to find a minimum in a list
2.8.2 Write an algorithm using iterative design to insert a card in a list of
Sorted cards
2.9 Case Study
2.9.1 Write an algorithm for solving linear search using iterative design
2.9.2 Write an algorithm for solving linear search using recursive design
Exercises
Chapter 3 Python Installation and Working with IDLE
3.1 System Configuration
3.2 Downloading Python
3.3 Test Whether Python is Working Properly
3.4 Working on Python with IDLE
3.4.1 Write a Python program to accept user name and prefix it with a
greeting using IDLE
3.5 Installation of Python on Linux
3.5.1 To check Python version
3.5.2 Installing an alternative higher version of Python on Linux (Fedora
Core)
3.5.3 To download from internet
3.5.4 To test a Python program
Chapter 4 Basics of Python Programming
4.1 What is Python?
4.2 A Typical Structure of a Python Program
4.3 Python Keywords
4.4 Python Variable
4.5 Comments
4.6 Python Data Types
4.7 Python Literals
4.7.1 Numeric literals
4.7.2 String literals
4.7.3 List of literals in Python
4.7.4 Write a Python program Add Complex.py to add two complex numbers
c1 = 2 + 3j and c2 = 4 + 7j
4.8 Python Constants
4.8.1 Write a Python program (TestBool.py) using boolean data types
4.9 Python Operators
4.9.1 Arithmetic operators
4.9.2 Relational operators
4.9.3 Assignment operators
4.9.4 Python bitwise operators
4.9.5 Python logical operators
4.9.6 Python identity operators
4.9.7 Python membership operators
4.9.8 Type conversion in Python
4.9.9 Type promotion (coercion) in Python
4.10 Python Operator Precedence
4.10.1 Python expressions
Exercises
Chapter 5 Python Input and Output Statements
5.1 Input Statements in Python
5.1.1 input () function
5.2 Output Statements in Python
5.2.1 print() function
5.3 Python String Formatting Options
5.3.1 Write a program in Python to convert a given temperature in Celsius To Fahrenheit and a given temperature in Fahrenheit to Celsius
5.4 Python Math Library
5.5 Write a Python Program to Compute Simple Interest (SI) and Compound Interest
(CI) for a Given Principal, Rate of Interest and Duration in Years
5.5.1 Theory
5.5.2 Algorithm
5.5.3 Flowchart
5.5.4 Python program: InterestCalc.py
5.6 Write a Python Program to Swap Two Variables without using a Third Variable
5.6.1 Theory
5.6.2 Algorithm
5.6.3 Flowchart
5.6.4 Python program: Swap direct.py
5.7 Write a Python Program to Print the Ones Place of any Given Integer Number
5.7.1 Theory
5.7.2 Algorithm
5.7.3 Flowchart
5.7.4 Python program: Unit.digit.py
5.8 Write a Python Program to Compute the Area of a Triangle when the Three
Sides are Given
5.8.1 Theory
5.8.2 Algorithm
5.8.3 Flowchart
5.8.4 Python program: Area Triangle.py
5.9 Random Numbers
5.9.1 Pseudo random numbers
5.9.2 To generate random integer number within a range
5.9.3 To choose a random element from a sequence
5.9.4 To return a list of unique elements from a population of sequence
5.9.5 Write a python program to generate 100 random numbers from a
given range of values
5.9.6 To shuffle a sequence randomly in place
5.9.7 To generate floating point random number
5.9.8 To generate a random number between a range
5.9.9 To generate floating point random number for any given range
5.9.10 Write a Python program to simulate a dice game between User 1 who
is a computer and User 2 who is a human. The greatest dice value
among the users determines the winner
Exercises
Chapter 6 Python Programs on Control Structures
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conditional Statements
6.3 if Statement
6.4 Write a Python Program to Evaluate Body Mass of a Person to Determine His
Weight Status
6.4.1 Theory
6.4.2 Algorithm
6.4.3 Flowchart
6.4.4 Python program: Weight Height.py
6.5 if-else Statement
6.6 Write a Python Program to Compute Whether a Given Year is a Leap
Year or Not
6.6.1 Theory
6.6.2 Algorithm
6.6.3 Flowchart
6.6.4 Python program: LeapYear.py
6.7 Write a Python Program to Compute the Roots of Quadratic Equation
6.7.1 Theory
6.7.2 Algorithm
6.7.3 Flowchart
6.7.4 Python program: QuadRoot.py
6.8 Write a Python Program to Find the Largest Among Three Integer Numbers
6.8.1 Theory
6.8.2 Algorithm
6.8.3 Flowchart
6.8.4 Python program: BigOfThree.py
6.9 Nested Conditional Statements
6.10 Dangling Else Problem
6.11 if-elif-else Statement
6.12 Write a Python Program to Compute the Percentage and Class of Students
Given the Average of Six Subject Marks. The Maximum Mark for Each
Subject is100Marks
6.12.1 Theory
6.12.2 Algorithm
6.12.3 Flowchart
6.12.4 Python program: Ifelse.py
6.13 Repetition Statements
6.13.1 while loop
6.13.2 Infinite loop
6.13.3 while loop with else
6.14 Write a Program in Python to Compute the Factorial for a Given Number
6.14.1 Theory
6.14.2 Algorithm
6.14.3 Flowchart
6.14.4 Python program: Factorial.py
6.15 Write a Program in Python to Test Whether a Given Number is Prime or Not
6.15.1 Theory
6.15.2 Algorithm
6.15.3 Flowchart
6.15.4 Python program: Prime.py
6.16 Write a Program in Python to Generate Fibonacci Series for a Given Number
6.16.1 Theory
6.16.2 Algorithm
6.16.3 Flowchart
6.16.4 Python program: Fibonacci.py
6.17 Write a Program in Python to Compute Whether the Given Integer Number is
A Palindrome
6.17.1 Theory
6.17.2 Algorithm
6.17.3 Flowchart
6.17.4 Python program: Palindrome.py
6.18 Write a Python Program to ComputeWhether a Given Number is an Armstrong
Number
6.18.1 Theory
6.18.2 Algorithm
6.18.3 Flowchart
6.18.4 Python program: Armstrong.py
6.19 Write a Python Program to Convert a Given Decimal Number to its Corresponding
Binary Number
6.19.1 Theory
6.19.2 Algorithm
6.19.3 Flowchart
6.19.4 Python program: DecToBin.py
6.20 Write a Python Program to Convert a Given Binary Number to its Equivalent
Decimal Number
6.20.1 Theory
6.20.2 Algorithm
6.20.3 Flowchart
6.20.4 Python program: Bin to Dec.py
6.21 for loop
6.22 Write a Python Program to Compute cos(x) from the Given Series
6.22.1 Theory
6.22.2 Algorithm
6.22.3 Flowchart
6.22.4 Python program: Cos Series.py
6.23 Write a Python Program to Compute sin(x) from the Given Series
6.23.1 Theory
6.23.2 Algorithm
6.23.3 Flowchart
6.23.4 Python program: Sine series.py
6.24 Write a Python Program to Compute Pythagorean Triplets up to a Given
Maximum Value
6.24.1 Theory
6.24.2 Algorithm
6.24.3 Flowchart
6.24.4 Python program: PythaTriplet.py
6.25 for loop with else Statement
6.26 Nesting of Loops
6.27 Write a Python Program to Build a Multiplication Table from 1 to 10
6.27.1 Theory
6.27.2 Algorithm
6.27.3 Flowchart
6.27.4 Python program: MultiTable.py
6.27.5 Output
6.28 Python break statement
6.29 Role of break Statement in while with else Statement
6.29.1 Role of break statement in for with else statement
6.30 Python continue Statement
6.31 Pass Statement in Python
6.32 Case Study: Prime Number Generation
Exercises
Chapter 7 User-defined Functions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Syntax of User-defined Function
7.3 Flowchart
7.4 Local Variables and Global Variables
7.5 Return Statement
7.6 Function Arguments in Python
7.6.1 Positional arguments
7.6.2 Keyword arguments
7.6.3 Variable length arguments
7.7 Default Parameter
7.8 Call-by-value vs. Call-by-reference in Python
7.9 Nested Functions in Python
7.10 Closure Function in Python
7.11 Anonymous Function in Python
7.12 Function Composition in Python
7.13 Write a Python Program using Functions to Generate the Floyd’s Triangle for
a Specified Number of Rows
7.13.1 Theory
7.13.2 Algorithm
7.13.3 Flowchart
7.13.4 Python program: Flyod.py
7.14 Write a Python Program using Functions to Compute the Least Common Multiple
(LCM) of Two Given Integers
7.14.1 Theory
7.14.2 Algorithm
7.14.3 Flowchart
7.14.4 Python program: lcm.py
7.15 Recursive Function in Python
7.16 Case Study
Exercises
Chapter 8 Python Programs on Strings
8.1 Strings in Python
8.2 Reading Strings from Keyboard
8.3 Accessing Strings
8.4 Modifying Strings in Python
8.5 String Concatenation
8.6 String Updating
8.7 Finding the Length of a String
8.8 Iterating through a String
8.9 String Member ship Operations
8.10 Built-in String Functions
8.10.1 Converting strings in lowercase to uppercase, vice versa and swapping
the case
8.10.2 Searching in a string
8.10.3 Splitting strings and removing whitespaces
8.10.4 String join, length, replace and miscellaneous string
functions
8.11 Escape Sequences in Python
8.12 Write a Python Program to Check Whether an Entered String is a Palindrome
or Not without using Built-in String Functions Available in Python
8.12.1 Theory
8.12.2 Algorithm
8.12.3 Flowchart
8.12.4 Python program: Palin.py
8.13 Write a Python Program to Count Separately the Vowels of a Given String
8.13.1 Theory
8.13.2 Algorithm
8.13.3 Flowchart
8.13.4 Python program: Vowel count.py
8.14 Write a Python Program to Compute the Length of an Input String without
using the Built-in Python Function len()
8.14.1 Theory
8.14.2 Algorithm
8.14.3 Flowchart
8.14.4 Python program: String length.py
8.15 Write a Python Program to Count the Number of Characters in a Given Word
8.15.1 Theory
8.15.2 Algorithm
8.15.3 Flowchart
8.15.4 Python program: Char count.py
8.16 Write a Python Program to Check the Bigger of the Two Inputted Strings
8.16.1 Theory
8.16.2 Algorithm
8.16.3 Flowchart
8.16.4 Python program: Biggest String.py
8.17 Write a Python Program to Count the Common Characters in the Two Inputted
Strings
8.17.1 Theory
8.17.2 Algorithm
8.17.3 Flowchart
8.17.4 Python program: Common char.py
8.18 Write a Python Program to Count the Occurrences of the Substring in a Given
String
8.18.1 Theory
8.18.2 Algorithm
8.18.3 Flowchart
8.18.4 Python program: Substring.py
8.19 Write a Python Program to Check Whether the Characters of an Inputted String
are in Alphabetical Order
8.19.1 Theory
8.19.2 Algorithm
8.19.3 Flowchart
8.19.4 Python program : Alpha String.py
8.20 Write a Python Program to Sort Words Entered by User in Alphabetical Order
8.20.1 Theory
8.20.2 Algorithm
8.20.3 Flowchart
8.20.4 Python program: Sort String.py
8.21 Write a Recursive Python Program to Find Permutation of all Characters in a
String
8.21.1 Theory
8.21.2 Algorithm
8.21.3 Flowchart
8.21.4 Python program: String Permu.py
8.22 Case Study
Exercises
Chapter 9 Python Lists
9.1 Introduction
9.2 How to Read a List Type from a Keyboard
9.3 Accessing Elements of a List
9.4 Modifying Elements of a List
9.5 Deleting Elements of a List
9.6 Basic List Operations
9.7 Built-in List Functions
9.8 Python List Methods
9.9 Python List Duplication and Comparison of Two Lists
9.10 Write a Python Program to Compute the Sum of Odd and Even Numbers for a
Given Range in a List
9.10.1 Theory
9.10.2 Algorithm
9.10.3 Flowchart
9.10.4 Python program: SumOddEven.py
9.11 Write a Python Program to Compute Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation
of a List of Numbers
9.11.1 Theory
9.11.2 Algorithm
9.11.3 Flowchart
9.11.4 Python program: Standard Deviation.py
9.12 Write a Python Program to Compute Prime Numbers from 0 to Maximum
Range using Sieve of Eratosthenes
9.12.1 Theory
9.12.2 Algorithm
9.12.3 Flowchart
9.12.4 Python program: Sieve Prime.py
9.13 Write a Python Program to Compute the Average of Best of Two of Three
Assignment Tests. Maximum Marks for each Assignment is 25. Fractional
Marks in Final Average are Rounded off to the Nearest and Highest Whole
Number
9.13.1 Theory
9.13.2 Algorithm
9.13.3 Flowchart
9.13.4 Python program: Avg Best 2.py
9.14 Write a Python Program to Reverse the Members of a Given List
9.14.1 Theory
9.14.2 Algorithm
9.14.3 Flowchart
9.14.4 Python program: Reverse list.py
xviii Contents
9.15 Write a Python Program to Compute the Value of a Given Polynomial of n
degree through Horner’s Method
9.15.1 Theory
9.15.2 Algorithm
9.15.3 Flowchart
9.15.4 Python program: Poly.py
9.16 Write a Python Program to Search a Given Element in an Integer List using
Binary Search Technique
9.16.1 Theory
9.16.2 Algorithm
9.16.3 Flowchart
9.16.4 Python program: Binary Search.py
9.17 Write a Python Program to Sort an Integer List using Bubble Sorting
Technique
9.17.1 Theory
9.17.2 Algorithm
9.17.3 Flowchart
9.17.4 Python program: Bubble Sort.py
9.18 Write a Python Program to Sort an Integer List using Insertion Sorting
Technique
9.18.1 Theory
9.18.2 Algorithm
9.18.3 Flowchart
9.18.4 Python program: Insertion.Sort.py
9.19 Write a Python Program to Add Two Given Matrices of Size m × n and p × q . 339
9.19.1 Theory
9.19.2 Algorithm
9.19.3 Flowchart
9.19.4 Python program: Matrix Addition.py
9.20 Write a Python Program to Compute Multiplication of Matrices of Order
m × n and p ×q
9.20.1 Theory
9.20.2 Algorithm
9.20.3 Flowchart
9.20.4 Python program: Matrix Multiplication.py
9.21 Write a Python Program to Compute Transpose of a Given Matrix
9.21.1 Theory
9.21.2 Algorithm
9.21.3 Flowchart
9.21.4 Python program: Matrix Transpose.py
9.22 Write a Python Program to Add and Find the Sum of Principal Diagonal
Elements of a Given Matrix
9.22.1 Theory
9.22.2 Algorithm
9.22.3 Flowchart
9.22.4 Python program: Matrix Add Principal.py
9.23 Write a Python Program to Add and Find the Sum of Secondary Diagonal
Elements of a Given Matrix
9.23.1 Theory
9.23.2 Algorithm
9.23.3 Flowchart
9.23.4 Python program: Matrix Add Secondary.py
9.24 Write a Python Program to Compute the Norm of a Given Matrix
9.24.1 Theory
9.24.2 Algorithm
9.24.3 Flowchart
9.24.4 Python program: Matrix Norm.py
9.25 Write a Python Program to Compute Row Sum and Column Sum of a Given
Matrix
9.25.1 Theory
9.25.2 Algorithm
9.25.3 Flowchart
9.25.4 Python program: Matrix Row Col Sum.py
9.26 Write a Python Program to Compute Whether the Given Square Matrix is a
Magic Square
9.26.1 Theory
9.26.2 Algorithm
9.26.3 Flowchart
9.26.4 Python program: matrix magic.py
9.27 Case Study
Exercises
Chapter 10 Python Programs on Tuples
10.1 Introduction
10.2 How to Read a List Type from a Keyboard
10.3 Accessing Elements of a Tuple
10.4 Modifying Elements of a Tuple
10.5 Deleting Elements of a Tuple
10.6 Basic Tuple Operations
10.7 Tuple Built-in Functions
10.8 Write a Python Program using Tuples to Accept Individual Address Details
And Display the Same
10.8.1 Theory
10.8.2 Algorithm
10.8.3 Flowchart
10.8.4 Python program: Address Display.py
10.9 Write a Python Program using Tuples to Accept Employee Salary Details and
Calculate Final Salary Based on the Overtime Hours
10.9.1 Theory
10.9.2 Algorithm
10.9.3 Flowchart
10.9.4 Python program: Salary Calc.py
10.10 Write a Python Program using Tuples to Input Student Details. The Program
Should Accept a Given Student’s Roll Number and Display His Specific
Records
10.10.1 Theory
10.10.2 Algorithm
10.10.3 Flowchart
10.10.4 Python program: Student Info.py
10.11 Write a Python Program using Tuples to Input Student Details and Compute
His Percentage and Class Based on His Average Marks for Five Subjects
10.11.1 Theory
10.11.2 Algorithm
10.11.3 Flowchart
10.11.4 Python program: Student Result.Analysis.py
10.12 Write a Python Program using Tuples to Guess the Number of Colors in a
Traffic Signal and also to Guess which Color is used to say “Stop if Possible!”.
The Program Should Evaluate Whether the Answers are Right or Wrong
10.12.1 Theory
10.12.2 Algorithm
10.12.3 Flowchart
10.12.4 Python program: Traffic Signal.py
Exercises
Chapter 11 Python Dictionary
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Creating a Dictionary and Printing a Dictionary
11.3 Accessing Dictionary Elements
11.4 Modifying a Dictionary
11.5 Delete Operations on a Dictionary
11.6 Dictionary Key Properties
11.7 Comparing Two Dictionaries
11.8 Python Dictionary Built-in Functions
11.9 How to Generate Keys, Values and Items for Python Dictionary
11.10 Copying and Updating a Dictionary
11.11 Write a Python Program using Dictionary to Generate a Small Dictionary of
Synonyms. The Program Should then Accept a Word and Generate Synonyms
for the Same
11.11.1 Theory
11.11.2 Algorithm
11.11.3 Flowchart
11.11.4 Python program: Synonym.py
11.12 Write a Python Program using Dictionary to Accept a Sentence and Generate
The Frequency of Words for the Same
11.12.1 Theory
11.12.2 Algorithm
11.12.3 Flowchart
11.12.4 Python program: Word Freq.py
11.13 Write a Python Program to Create a Dictionary Consisting of State and Their
Corresponding Dishes. The Program Should Accept a State Name from the
user and Generate the Corresponding Dishes
11.13.1 Theory
11.13.2 Algorithm
11.13.3 Flowchart
11.13.4 Python program: State Dishes.py
11.14 Write a Python Program using Dictionary to Find the Maximum and Minimum
Among the Given Values
11.14.1 Theory
11.14.2 Algorithm
11.14.3 Flowchart
11.14.4 Python program: Max Min Dict.py
11.15 Write a Python Program using Dictionary to Encrypt and Decrypt a Given
Plain Text using Additive Cipher
11.15.1 Theory
11.15.2 Algorithm
11.15.3 Flowchart
11.15.4 Python program: Subs Cipher.py
Exercises
Chapter 12 Python Files
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Writing into Files
12.3 Reading from Files
12.4 Reading Lines from Files
12.5 Stripping Characters from Files
12.6 Filenames and Paths
12.7 Format Operator
12.8 Command Line Arguments
12.8.1 The system module—sys module
12.8.2 Write a Python program that takes command line arguments as integer
numbers and computes their sum
12.9 Exceptions in Python
12.10 Write a Python Program to Demonstrate IO Error Exception when we Try to
Read a Non-existing File
12.11 Write a Python Program that Computes the Sum of All Integer Numbers Stored
in a File Named “data.txt” with an Exception Handling Features if the Numbers
are not Integers. The Sum Should be Printed on the Command Prompt
12.12 Write a Python Program to Count the Number of Lines in a File
12.13 Write a Python Program to Find the Most Frequent Words in a Text Read from
A File
12.14 Write a Python Program that Read an Input File Containing Floating Point
Values and Find the Minimum and the Maximum of the Values Stored
12.15 Write a Python Program to Copy the Contents of an Input File to an Output
File and also Display the Contents of Input File and Output File on the Screen
12.16 Write a Python Program to Compute the Number of Line, Words and Characters
in a Given Input Test File
12.17 Python Modules
12.17.1 Importing modules
12.17.2 How to create your own modules
12.17.3 To invoke specific functions or variables from modules
12.17.4 The dir() function
12.17.5 Restoring a module
12.18 Python Packages
Exercises
Appendix A Pygame Installation
A.1 Installation of Python 3.2
A.2 Installation of Pygame
A.3 Colors in Pygame
Appendix B Laboratory Exercise
B.1 GCD of two numbers
B.2 Square root of a number (Newton’s method)
B.3 Exponentiation (power of a number)
B.4 Linear search and binary search
B.5 First n prime numbers
B.6 Maximum of a list of numbers
B.7 Selection sort and insertion sort
B.8 Duplicate elements removal in a list
B.9 Merge sort and quick sort
B.10 Multiply matrices
B.11 Command line arguments (word count)
B.12 Most frequent words in a text read from a file
B.13 Bouncing ball simulation using Pygame
B.14 The area of trapezium
B.15 User-defined function to check for prime numbers
B.16 Calculate and print the sum of a series
B.17 Gregory series for calculating the value of Pi
B.18 Sum and average of numbers from 0 upto n
B.19 Tribonacci sequence for n numbers
B.20 Perfect numbers generation up to amax range
B.21 Highest common factor (HCF) of two numbers
B.22 Lucas sequence of N numbers
B.23 User-defined function to permute (x, y)
B.24 User-defined function for combination (x, y)
B.25 Duplicate words removal from a given string
B.26 Capitalize each word in a given sentence
B.27 Return words beginning with specified letter in a sentence and also display the
count
B.28 White spaces insertion before and after the string
B.29 Extra white spaces removal between two words in a string
B.30 Return quoted word from a sentence
B.31 Setting a strong password with conditions
B.32 Setting a password with conditions
B.33 Accept a list of numbers and a number and print in order all elements of the
list that are greater than the number
B.34 Accept a list of numbers and sort half of them in ascending and remaining half
In descending order
B.35 Convert all the principal diagonal elements to 1’s
B.36 Compare two matrices of same size
B.37 Check if a given matrix is a lower triangular matrix
B.38 Check if a given matrix is a upper triangular matrix
B.39 Check whether a given matrix is a symmetric matrix
B.40 Using tuples, compute if the number of odd value elements and even value
elements are the same
B.41 Search a name in a given tuple of names
B.42 Word jumble game simulation
B.43 Read a dictionary and count the number of values that appears two or
more times
B.44 English to Tamil translator
B.45 Add integer numbers stored in two files and their sum should be written in
another file
Appendix C Mini Projects Using Python
C.1 Cows and bulls game
C.2 Number guessing game
C.3 Hollywood hangman game
C.4 Encrypt and decrypt a message using Vigenere Cipher
Appendix D Viva Voce Questions
Appendix E Solved University Question Paper
Bibiliography
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