Table of Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Groundwater Process
1.2 Necessity of Modeling
1.3 Model Building
1.4 Mathematical Recipes
1.5 Available Softwares
1.6 Feasibility Checks on Groundwater Models
1.7 Risk Assessment in Groundwater Availability and Contamination
1.8 Uncertainity in Projections
1.9 Sensitivity of the Model
1.10 Objectives and Scopes of the Book
Chapter 2 Physical Description of Groundwater Flow
2.1 Classical Concepts of Groundwater Process Modeling
2.1.1 Conceptual Models of Crustal-Scale Fluid Flow
2.1.2 Continuum Medium
2.1.3 The Fluid
2.2 Representative Elementary Volume (REV)
2.3 Hydraulic Potential
2.4 Darcy Law for Groundwater Process
2.5 Fluid Continuity Equation
2.6 Unsaturated Flow
2.7 Flow through Fractures
2.7.1 Porosity of Fractured Rocks
2.7.2 Flow through Single Fracture
2.7.3 Hydraulic Conductivity of Fractured Media
2.7.4 Relationship of Hydraulic Conductivity with Fracture Aperture
and Spacing
2.7.5 Influence of Temperature on Permeability
2.7.6 Hydraulic Coupling of Rock Mass, Fracture and Well
2.8 Flow Coupled With Fracture Propagation
2.8.1 Perkins-Kern Width Equation
2.8.2 Geertsma-de Klerk Width Equation
2.8.3 Radial Width Equation
2.8.4 Numerical Material Balance (NMB) with Width Growth
2.9 Continuity Equations for Solute Transport
2.9.1 Advective Process
2.9.2 Diffusion and Dispersion
2.9.3 Advection-Dispersion Equation
2.10 Transport with Coupled Processes
2.10.1 Multi-Component Reactive Transport
2.10.2 Transport with Phase Mass Transfer Process
2.10.3 Density Dependant Transport
2.10.4 Heat Transport
2.10.5 Transport with Biodegradation
2.11 Contaminant Transport in Fractured Rock
Chapter 3 Finite Difference Approximation
3.1 Finite Difference Solution
3.2 Approximations of the One-Dimensional Derivative
3.3 Stability Criteria
3.4 FDM for Flow in Two Dimensions
3.5 Finite Difference Method
3.6 Block Centered Finite Difference Method
3.7 Numerical Solutions of Contaminant Transport
3.8 FDM Approximation of Transport with Coupled Processes
3.9 Fracture Flow Modeling
Chapter 4 Finite Element Approximation
4.1 The Finite Element Method
4.2 Solution of the Flow in One Dimension
4.3 Flow in Two Dimensions
4.4 Solution to1D Transport Equation
4.5 Solution to 2D Contaminant Transport Equation
4.6 Solution of 3D Flow and Contaminant Transport Equation
4.7 FEM Approximation of Coupled Transport Processes
4.8 Numerical Oscillation and Mitigation Criteria
Chapter 5 Method of Characteristics
5.1 Particle Tracking Methods
5.2 The Method of Characteristics
5.3 Capture Zones and Plume Purging
5.4 The Random Walk Method
5.5 Method of Characteristics Application
5.6 Control Volume Method
Chapter 6 Numerical Techniques for Hard Rocks
6.1 Modeling of Scaled Domains
6.1.1 Local Scale Double Porosity Solution
6.1.2 Discrete Fracture Network Solution
6.2 Algebraic (2D) Models as Used in Facture Design
6.2.1 PKN-C
6.2.2 KGD-C
6.2.3 PKN-N and KGD-N
6.2.4 PKN-a and KGD-a
6.2.5 Radial Model
6.3 Differential 2D Models
6.3.1 Nordgren Equation
6.3.2 Differential Horizontal Plane Strain Model
6.4 Models with Detailed Leak-off Description
6.5 Stochastic Modeling Concept
6.5.1 Applied Probability Concepts
6.5.2 Basics of Combinatorial Analysis
6.5.3 Statistical Independence
6.5.4 Random Variables and Discrete Probability Distributions
6.5.5 Continuous Probability Distribution
6.5.6 Statistical Estimation
6.5.7 Sampling Distribution
6.5.8 Markov Model
6.5.9 Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis
Chapter 7 Development of Conceptual Model
7.1 Model Objectives and Scopes
7.2 Analysis of the Historical Data
7.3 Deciding the Dimension of the Problem
7.4 Model Code Selection
7.5 Spatial Grid Generation
7.6 Parameterization
7.7 Selection of Boundary Conditions
7.8 Fixing the Source/Sink Term
7.9 Tracking back to Exact Solution
Chapter 8 Model Calibration
8.1 Analog vs Mathematical Model Calibration
8.2 Theory of Errors
8.3 Calibration Technique for Single Well Model
8.4 Calibration Technique for Multiple Well Local Scale Model
8.5 Calibration Technique for Regional Scale Model
8.6 Sensitivity of the Aquifer Parameters
8.7 Sensitivity of the Aquifer Boundaries
8.8 Sensitivity of the Source/Sink Terms
8.9 Validation and Verification
8.10 Calibration of the Transport Model
8.11 Uncertainty Tracking
8.12 Reliability Formulation
Chapter 9 MODFLOW Simulations
9.1 Regional Groundwater Flow Modeling Example – Central Punjab
9.1.1 Problem Definition
9.1.2 Modeling Objectives
9.1.3 Conceptual Model
9.1.4 Model Results
9.2 Hard Rock EPM Example in Vellar River Basin in Tamilnadu
9.2.1 Problem Definition
9.2.2 Modeling Objectives
9.2.3 Conceptual Model
9.2.4 Model Results
9.3 Model Application in Coastal Krishna Delta, Andhra Pradesh
9.3.1 Problem Definition
9.3.2 Modeling Objectives
9.3.3 Conceptual Model
9.3.4 Model Results
Chapter 10 SWIFT Examples
10.1 Conjunctive Use in Malaprabha Command in Karnataka
10.1.1 Problem Definition
10.1.2 Modeling Objectives
10.1.3 Conceptual Model
10.1.4 Model Results
10.2 Nargund-Navalgund with Double Porous Domain
10.2.1 Problem Definition
10.2.2 Modeling Objectives
10.2.3 Conceptual Model
10.2.4 Model Results
Chapter 11 SUTRA Examples
11.1 Upper Palar Zone in Palar River Basin
11.1.1 Problem Definition
11.1.2 Modeling Objectives
11.1.3 Conceptual Model
11.1.4 Model Results
11.2 Sea-Water Intrusion in Southern Goa
11.2.1 Problem Definition
11.2.2 Objectives
11.2.3 Simulation Set-up
11.2.4 Model Results
Chapter 12 MODFLOW-MT3D-MODPATH Example
12.1 Arsenic in Nadia District of West Bengal
12.2 Problem Definition
12.3 Modeling Objectives
12.4 Conceptual Model
12.5 Model Results
Chapter 13 MODFLOW-SWIFT Example
13.1 Water Logging and Salinity in Dharoi Command
13.1.1 Problem Definition
13.1.2 Modeling Objectives
13.1.3 Conceptual Models
13.1.4 Model Results
Chapter 14 Vertical Flow Assessment Example
14.1 Sabarmati Multi-aquifer System
14.1.1 Problem Definition
14.1.2 Modeling Objectives
14.1.3 Conceptual Model
14.1.4 Model Results
Chapter 15 Unsaturated Flow Example and Risk Assessment
15.1 Landfill Site at Ankaleshwar
15.1.1 Problem Definition
15.1.2 Modeling Objectives
15.1.3 Conceptual Model
15.1.4 Model Results
Chapter 16 Fracture Flow and Rock Deformation Example
16.1 Flow and Fracture Propagation
16.2 Modeling Objectives
16.3 Conceptual Model
16.3.1 Model
Chapter 17 Concluding Tips
17.1 Example for Conceptual Analysis
17.2 Example for Multi-aquifer Signature
Appendix A – User Manual for SWIFT III Preprocessor
Appendix B – SOURCE CODE
Bibliography
Plates
