Description
This book aims at providing information on fundamentals of classical thermodynamics presented in a clear and lucid manner so as the students grasp the same with ease. It will serve as a concise but comprehensive as well as a quality text book for the core course being taught at IITs, NITs and many other universities conducting various UG programs in engineering. The chapter scheme has been kept in a manner so as to use the knowledge
of the preceding chapters in the ensuing one. A good number of solved practical oriented examples have been added along with review questions and unsolved problems at the end of each chapter.
• A concise but comprehensive text book with qualitative approach.
• Emphasis on clarity of fundamentals explained with the help of simple and suitable examples.
• The Laws of thermodynamics and the Availability concept explained by choosing simple illustrations.
• The chapter on Properties of Pure Substance added in the beginning of the text so as to use its knowledge right from the First Law itself.
• Problem solving made easy by way of cautioning the reader regarding complexity during the use of units, explained in the solved examples so as to avoid the common mistakes.
Table of Content
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
1.1 The Thermodynamic System and Surroundings
1.2 Continuum: Macroscopic Versus Microscopic
1.3 Working Fluid
1.4 Phase
1.5 Pure Substance
1.6 Thermodynamic Property
1.7 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
1.8 Thermodynamic State
1.9 Path
1.10 Process
1.11 Quasi-Static or Quasi-Equilibrium Process
1.12 Reversible and Irreversible Process
1.13 Thermodynamic Cycle
1.14 Mathematical Criterion for Properties
1.15 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1.16 Temperature
1.16.1 The Units of Temperature
1.17 Dimensions and Units
1.17.1 Fundamental Dimensions
1.18 Specific Volume and Specific Mass or Density
1.19 Pressure
1.19.1 Pressure Measurement
1.20 Energy
1.21 Enthalpy − A Thermodynamic Property
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substance
2.1 Phases of a Substance
2.2 Solid−Liquid−Vapor Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Substance
2.3 Some More Facts of Liquid−Vapor Phase Equilibrium of a Pure Substance
2.4 Some Important Terms
2.4.1 Saturated Liquid Line
2.4.2 Saturated Vapor Line
2.4.3 Sub-Cooled or Compressed Liquid
2.4.4 Sublimation and Sublimation Line
2.5 Triple Point of Water
2.6 Pressure−Temperature Diagram
2.7 Pressure−Volume Diagramat Constant Temperature
2.8 Quality or Dryness Fraction x
2.9 Tables of Thermodynamic Properties
2.9.1 Interpolation of Properties
2.10 Evaluating Properties of a Liquid−Vapor Mixture
2.11 Equation of State
2.11.1 Compressibility Factor Z
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 3 Work and Heat
3.1 Work
3.2 Units of Work
3.3 A Simple Compressible Closed System
3.4 Work Done by a Simple Compressible Closed System in a Quasi-Equilibrium Process
3.5 Flow Work
3.6 The Pump or Compressor Work
3.7 Path Function and Point Function
3.8 PdV Work Equations for Various Processes
3.8.1 Constant Volume or Isochoric Process
3.8.2 Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process
3.8.3 Constant Temperature or an Isothermal Process
3.8.4 Polytropic Process
3.9 A Process Involving Change in Volume but no Work
3.10 Selection of the System Boundary Determines the Work Done
3.11 Heat
3.12 Units of Heat
3.13 Modes of Heat Transfer
3.14 Comparison of Heat and Work
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics
4.1 Introduction and Definition of First Law of Thermodynamics
4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State of a Control Mass or for a Non-Cyclic Process
4.3 Corollaries of First Law of Thermodynamics
4.4 Heat Transfer Equations for Various Non-Flow Processes
4.4.1 A Constant Volume or Isochoric Process
4.4.2 A Constant Pressure or an Isobaric Process
4.4.3 A Constant Temperature or an Isothermal Process
4.5 The Constant Volume and Constant Pressure Specific Heats
4.6 Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
4.7 A Polytropic Process Defined as PV n =Constant
4.8 Quasi-Equilibrium Adiabatic Process of Ideal Gases
4.9 First Lawas a Rate Equation
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 5 First Law as Applied to a Control Volume
5.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume
5.2 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume
5.3 Steady State Steady Flow Energy Equation
5.4 Unsteady State or Transient Analysis
5.5 Some Devices Considered Under Steady State Steady Flow Conditions
5.5.1 Boiler
5.5.2 Nozzle
5.5.3 Turbine
5.5.4 Heat Exchanger
5.5.5 Compressure or a Pump
5.5.6 Throttling Device
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
6.1 Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics
6.2 Definitions of Some Useful Terms
6.2.1 Heat Reservoir
6.2.2 A Heat Engine
6.2.3 A Refrigerator or a Heat Pump
6.3 The Kelvin−Planck Statement of the Second Law
6.4 The Clausius Statement
6.5 Equivalence of Kelvin−Planck and Clausius Statements
6.6 Reversibility and Irreversibility
6.7 Internal and External Irreversibilities
6.8 Some Illustrations of Irreversible Processes
6.8.1 Heat Transfer Through a Finite Temperature Difference
6.8.2 Free Expansion
6.9 Reversible Cycle
6.10 Carnot Cycle
6.11 Reversed Carnot Engine
6.12 Carnot’s Theoremor the Carnot Principle
6.13 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
6.14 Important Characteristics of Engines Operating Between only Two Reservoirs
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 7 Entropy
7.1 Clausius Inequality
7.2 Entropy –A Property of the System
7.3 Absolute Entropy and Third Law of Thermodynamics
7.4 Entropy Change of a System During an Irreversible Process
7.5 The Two TdS Equations
7.6 Entropy Generation due to Irreversibilities
7.7 Principle of the Increase of Entropy
7.8 Temperature−Entropy Plot
7.8.1 Temperature−Entropy Plot for a Pure Substance
7.8.2 Enthalpy−Entropy Plot for a Pure Substance
7.9 Using the TdS Equations
7.9.1 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas
7.10 Isentropic Efficiency
7.10.1 Isentropic Turbine Efficiency
7.10.2 Isentropic Nozzle Efficiency
7.10.3 Isentropic Compressor or Pump Efficiency
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 8 Availability and Irreversibility
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Environment
8.3 Dead State
8.4 Availability
8.5 Heat Transfer Through Finite Temperature Difference Destroys Availability
8.6 Availability Evaluation
8.7 Availability in a Closed System
8.8 Availability cannot be Less than Zero
8.9 Availability in a Steady Flow Open System
8.10 Irreversibility
8.11 Second Law Efficiencies
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 9 Power Cycles
9.1 The Rankine Cycle
9.1.1 Thermal Efficiency of Rankine Cycle
9.2 Performance Criteria for the Comparison of Cycles
9.3 Methods of Improving the Cycle Efficiency
9.4 Comparison of Rankine Cycle with Carnot Cycle
9.5 Joule or Brayton Cycle
9.5.1 Comparison of Closed and Open Brayton Cycle
9.6 Efficiency of Brayton Cycle
9.6.1 Effect of Pressure Ratio on Efficiency and Work Output
9.7 Internal Combustion Engines
9.7.1 Engine Terminology
9.8 Air Standard Cycles
9.8.1 Otto Cycle
9.8.2 Diesel Cycle
9.8.3 Dual Cycle
9.9 Comparison of Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycles
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 10 Some Thermodynamic Relations
10.1 The Maxwell Equations
10.2 Clausius−Clapeyron Equation
10.3 Co-Efficient of Expansion and Compressibility
10.4 Specific Heats
10.5 Joule−Thomson Co-Efficient
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
Chapter 11 Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychrometrics
11.1 Avogadro’s Law
11.2 Analysis of Mixtures
11.3 Partial Pressure and Partial Volume
11.4 Properties of Mixture Based on Dalton Model
11.5 Properties of Atmospheric Air
11.5.1 Relative Humidity and Humidity Ratio
11.5.2 Temperatures Used in Psychrometry
11.6 Psychrometric Charts
Solved Examples
Review Questions
Problems
• Appendix – A Multiple Choice Questions
• Index
About The Author
Dr. Ram Gopal Tathgir is Former Professor, Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology (Deemed University), Patiala (Now known as Thapar University). He possess a Master’s in Mechanical Engineering with Hon’s and a Ph.D in the area of Energy Conservation. His areas of interest includes, Thermal Sciences, Heat Pipes and Energy Conservation. He has guided a number of projects in these areas both at the UG and PG levels in addition to the supervision of Ph.D students. He has over 45 years of experience both in teaching and research. After retirement from Thapar University, he has served few of the engineering institutes in the private sector in the capacity of Director/Principal.
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