Table of Content
Chapter 1 Load Characteristics
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Load Modeling and Characteristics
1.2 Useful Curves in Load Modeling
1.2.1 Load Curve
1.2.2 Load Duration Curve
1.3 Definitions
1.4 Relation between the Load and Loss Factors
1.5 Classification of Loads
1.5.1 Load Characteristics
1.6 Types of Loads
1.6.1 Domestic/Residential Loads
1.6.2 Commercial Loads
1.6.3 Industrial Loads
1.6.4 Municipal Loads
1.6.5 Agricultural Loads
Solved Problems (Problem 1.1 to 1.6)
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 2 Design Considerations of Primary System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Radial Type Primary Feeder
2.3 Loop Type Primary Network
2.4 Primary Feeder Voltage Levels
2.4.1 Primary Feeder Loadings
2.5 Design Considerations of Secondary Systems
2.5.1 Secondary Banking
2.6 Substation
2.6.1 Distribution Substation
2.7 Substation Bus Schemes
2.7.1 Single Bus Scheme
2.7.2 Double Bus Double Breaker
2.7.3 Main and Transfer Bus
2.7.4 Double Bus Single Breaker
2.7.5 Ring Bus
2.7.6 Breakers and a Half Scheme
2.8 Substation Location
2.8.1 The Rating of Distribution Substation
2.9 Substation Service Area with “n” Primary Feeders
2.10 Comparison of the Four- and Six-Feeder Patterns
2.10.1 Thermally Limited Feeder Circuits
2.10.2 For Voltage Drop Limited Feeder Circuits
2.10.3 Optimal Locations of Substation
2.10.4 Perpendicular Bisector Rule
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 System Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines
3.3 Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations
3.3.1 Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Ungrounded Neutrals
3.3.2 Single-Phase Two-Wire Unigrounded Laterals
3.3.3 Single-Phase Two-Wire Multi-Grounded Common Neutrals
3.3.4 Two-Phase Plus Neutral (Open Wye) Laterals
3.4 Manual Methods of Solution for Radial Networks
3.4.1 Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distribution Load
3.4.2 Radial Feeder with Non-Uniformly Distributed Load
3.4.3 Summary of All Types of Laterals
Solved Problems (Problem 3.1 to 3.5)
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 4 Objectives of Distribution System Protection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Protective Device
4.2.1 Fuse
4.2.2 Fuse Characteristics
4.2.3 Important Terms
4.3 Types of Fuses
4.4 Automatic Circuit Recloser
4.5 Automatic Line Sectionlizers
4.6 Automatic Circuit Breaker
4.7 Classification of Circuit Breaker
4.7.1 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
4.8 Definitions
4.8.1 Rate of Rise of Restriking Voltage (RRRV)
4.8.2 Arching Time
4.8.3 Pre-Arching Time
4.8.4 Operating Time
4.9 Types of Air Blast Circuit Breaker
4.9.1 Axial Blast Air Circuit Breaker
4.9.2 Cross Blast Air Breaker
4.9.3 Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB)
4.10 Faults
4.11 Types of Faults
4.11.1 Three-Phase Faults
4.11.2 Line to Line Faults
4.11.3 Single Line-to-Ground Fault
4.12 Coordination of Protective Devices
4.12.1 A General Coordination Procedure
4.13 Fuse-Fuse Coordination
4.14 Recloser to Fuse Coordination
4.14.1 Recloser-to-Recloser Coordination
4.14.2 Recloser to Substation Transformer High Side Fuse Coordination
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 5 Compensation for Power Factor Improvement
5.1 Effect of Series and Shunt Capacitor
5.1.1 Series Capacitor
5.2 Shunt Capacitor
5.3 Power Factor Correction
5.4 Economic Justification of Capacitors
5.5 A Practical Procedure to Determine Best Capacitor Location
5.6 Capacitor Installation Type
5.7 Types of Three-Phase Capacitor Bank Connections
5.8 A Mathematical Procedure to Determine Optimum Allocation
5.9 Loss Reduction Due to Capacitor Allocation
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 6 Harmonics and Filters
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Generation of Harmonics
6.3 Harmonic Distortion
6.4 Characteristic Harmonics
6.5 Calculation of Characteristic AC Harmonics
6.6 DC Voltage Harmonics
6.6.1 Non-Characteristic Harmonics
6.7 Effect of Firing Angle Errors
6.8 Design of AC Filters
6.8.1 Criteria of Design
6.8.2 Telephone Influence Factor
6.9 Types of Filters
6.9.1 Passive AC Filters
6.9.2 Impedance of Single Tuned Filter
6.9.3 Design of a Single Tuned Filter
6.9.4 Minimum Cost Tuned Filters
6.9.5 Design of a High Pass Filter
6.9.6 Double and Triple Tuned Filters
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 7 Reactive Power Control
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Reactive Power Requirement in Steady State
7.3 Sources of Reactive Power
7.4 Comparison of STATCOM and SVC
7.5 Reactive Power Requirement in Steady State
7.5.1 Conventional Control Strategies
7.5.2 Alternate Control Strategies
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 8 Power Quality
8.1 Electric Power Quality
8.2 Classification of Power Quality
8.3 Measurement of Electric Power Quality
8.3.1 RMS Voltage and Current
8.3.2 Distortion Factors
8.3.3 Effects of Harmonics
8.4 Voltage Sags –Characterization
8.4.1 Voltage Sag Magnitude
8.4.2 Voltage Sag Duration
8.4.3 Magnitude Duration Plots
8.4.4 Measurement of Sag Duration
8.5 Load Influence on Voltage Sags
8.5.1 Induction Motors and Three-Phase Faults
8.5.2 Induction Motors and Unbalanced Faults
8.6 Effect of Power Quality Problems in Equipments and Methods for its
Correction
8.6.1 Effect of Power Quality Problems in Different Equipments
8.6.2 Methods for Power Quality Problems Correction
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
References
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