Biomechanics, Electronics and Electrotherapy

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Mechanics

1.1 Mechanics and Biomechanics

1.1.1 Physical Quantities

1.1.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration

1.1.3 Work, Energy and Power

1.1.4 Momentum

1.2 Force

1.2.1 Diagrammatic Representation of Forces

1.2.2 Classification of Forces

1.2.3 Composition and Resolution of Forces

1.2.4 Angle of Pull

1.3 Newton’s Laws

1.3.1 Newton’s First Law

1.3.2 Newton’s Second Law

1.3.3 Newton’s Third Law

1.4 Friction

1.4.1 Friction on the Body

1.4.2 Friction in Devices

1.4.3 Reduction of Friction

1.5 Levers

1.5.1 Classification of Levers

1.5.2 Application of Levers in Physiotherapy

 

Chapter 2 Gravity and Elasticity

2.1 Gravity

2.1.1 Line of Gravity

2.1.2 Centre of Gravity

2.2 Position of Gravity in Human Body

2.2.1 Equillibrium

2.2.2 Centre of Gravity

2.2.3 Line of Gravity

2.2.4 Base of Support

2.2.5 Stability

2.2.6 Types of Equilibrium

2.3 Elasticity

2.3.1 Load

2.3.2 Stress

2.3.3 Strain

2.3.4 Hooke’s Law

2.3.5 Stress-Strain Curve

2.4 Springs

2.4.1 Springs in Parallel

2.4.2 Springs in Series

2.4.3 Properties of Spring

2.4.4 Application

2.5 Pulleys

2.5.1 Fixed Pulleys

2.5.2 Movable Pulleys

 

Chapter 3 Current Electricity

3.1 Fundamentals of Electric Current

3.1.1 Bound and Free Electrons

3.1.2 Electron Flow

3.1.3 Dynamic and Static Electric Charges

3.1.4 Potential and Capacitance

3.1.5 Difference of Potential and Electromotive Force

3.2 DC and AC Currents

3.2.1 Frequency, Wavelength and Amplitude

3.2.2 Phase of a Sine Wave

3.2.3 Average and RMS Value of a Sine Wave

3.3 Conductors and Insulators

3.4 Ohm’s Law

3.5 Resistance

3.5.1 Resistances in Series Connection

3.5.2 Resistances in Parallel Connection

3.6 Low, Medium and High Frequency Currents

3.6.1 Low Frequency Currents

3.6.2 Medium Frequency Currents

3.7 Effects of Electric Current

3.7.1 Thermal Effect of Electric Current

3.7.2 Chemical Effect of Electric Current

3.7.3 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

3.8 Electric and Earth Shock

3.8.1 Electric Shock

3.8.2 Earth shock

 

Chapter 4 Capacitors and Rheostat

4.1 The Capacitor

4.2 Capacitance of a Capacitor

4.3 Types of Capacitor

4.4 Electric Field of a Capacitor

4.5 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor

4.6 Application of Capacitor in the Physiotherapy Department

4.7 The Rheostat

4.7.1 Construction of the Rheostat

4.7.2 Variable Resistance or Series Rheostat

4.7.3 Potentiometer or Shunt Rheostat

4.8 Application of Rheostat in the Physiotherapy Department

 

Chapter 5 Electronics

5.1 Thermionic Valves

5.1.1 Thermionic Emission

5.1.2 Diode and Triode Valves

5.1.3 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

5.2 Semiconductor Devices

5.2.1 Types of Semiconductor

5.2.2 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

5.2.3 Integrated Circuit

5.2.4 Rectifiers

5.2.5 Smoothing Circuits

5.2.6 Oscillators

5.3 AC and DC Meters

5.3.1 D’Arsenval Meter

5.3.2 Accuracy of Analog Meter

5.3.3 DC Ammeter

5.3.4 AC Ammeter

5.3.5 DC Voltmeter

5.3.6 AC Voltmeter

5.3.7 Ohmmeter

5.3.8 Wheatstone’s Bridge

 

Chapter 6 Radiation and Therapeutic Energies

6.1 Laws Governing Radiations

6.1.1 Reflection

6.1.2 Reflection by a Plane Surface

6.1.3 Laws of Reflection

6.1.4 Reflection by a Spherical Surface

6.1.5 Internal Reflection

6.1.6 Refraction

6.1.7 Law of Refraction

6.2 Laws of Absorption

6.2.1 Law of Grotthus

6.2.2 Cosine Law

6.3 Physical Effects of Heat and Radiation

6.4 Therapeutic Energies

6.4.1 Forms of Energy

6.4.2 Examples of Modalities of Different forms of Energy

6.4.3 Electromagnetic Energy

6.4.4 Thermal Energy

6.4.5 Electrical Energy

6.4.6 Sound Energy

6.4.7 Mechanical Energy

 

Chapter 7 Magnetism

7.1 Magnetic Materials

7.2 Properties of a Magnet

7.3 Molecular theory of Magnetism

7.4 Poles of a Magnet

7.5 Electromagnetic Induction

7.6 Lenz Law

7.7 Self-Inductance

7.8 Inductive Reactance

 

Chapter 8 Therapies

8.1 Interferential Therapy

8.2 Ultrasound

8.3 Traction

8.4 Laser

8.5 Shortwave Diathermy

8.6 Microwave Diathermy

8.7 Electromyographic Biofeedback

8.8 Electrical Stimulator

8.9 Wax Bath

8.10 Hydrocollator Packs and Heating Pads

8.10.1 Hydrocollator Packs

8.10.2 Heating Pads

8.11 Infrared Radiation

8.12 Ultraviolet Radiation

8.13 Treadmill

8.14 Nerve Conduction Study

8.15 Spirometer

8.15.1 Incentive Spirometer